class container;
class IndexOutOfBounds {
public:
IndexOutOfBounds(const std::string& msg);
};
void container::remove(int index) {
if (index < 0 || index >= size()) {
throw new IndexOutOfBounds("Invalid index: " + index);
}
// the rest of method
}
Do you see the mistake? Programmer assumed that expression "Invalid index: " + index evaluates to std::string("Invalid index: <some number>").
In fact type of expression "Invalid index: " is char[15], so char[15] + integer results in --- more or less --- char*. For index in range [0, 15] exception will carry tail of the message; for example when index=10 then it will be "dex: ". But for indexes larger than 15 and less than 0 program likely crash.
This is why I hate C++, the language has many dark corners, stupid conventions, implicit conversion, not to mention UB ("just" 150 UB, if you're curious).
